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joint trial
two or more actions involving a common question of law or fact may be joined by court order for trial - the actions are not merged but remain separate and distinct and may result in one or more verdicts and judgments

judgment
A determination of the rights of the parties in an action or special proceeding. A judgment shall refer to and state the result of a verdict or decision, or recite the circumstances on which it is based

judgment roll
a record of the judgment with the supporting papers

judicial hearing officer (JHO)
a person who has served as a judge or justice of a court of record of the Unified Court System, and who no longer is serving in such capacity, except a person who was removed from a judicial position pursuant to Section 22 of Article VI of the Constituti

jurisdiction
the geographical, subject matter, and monetary limitations of a court
Personal jurisdiction- Directed to a specific person to impose a personal liability on him (usually the defendant).
Subject matter jurisdiction- Topic of consideration, thing in disput

jury
a prescribed number of persons selected according to law and sworn to make findings of fact

jury (advisory)
a body of jurors impaneled to hear a case in which the parties have no right to a jury trial - the judge remains solely responsible for the findings and may accept or reject the jury's verdict

jury instructions
directions given by the judge to the jury